The Origin Of Universe

   UNIVERSE .......THE ORIGIN OF ATOM

    There are thousands theory about. Criteria of universe.  ....

       Let's know something about it...

    With the help of. Two different views.. 

    1st scientific.... And another one pauranic. 

   That's by Indian culture 

    By Big Bang Theory  

     The evolution of universe 

        At a particular instant roughly 15 billion years ago, all the matter and energy we can observe, concentrated in a region smaller than a dime, began to expand and cool at an incredibly rapid rate. By the time the temperature had dropped to 100 million times that of the sun’s core, the forces of nature assumed their present properties, and the elementary particles known as quarks roamed freely in a sea of energy. When the universe had expanded an additional 1,000 times, all the matter we can measure filled a region the size of the solar system.

At that time, the free quarks became confined in neutrons and protons. After the universe had grown by another factor of 1,000, protons and neutrons combined to form atomic nuclei, including most of the helium and deuterium present today. All of this occurred within the first minute of the expansion. Conditions were still too hot, however, for atomic nuclei to capture electrons. Neutral atoms appeared in abundance only after the expansion had continued for 300,000 years and the universe was 1,000 times smaller than it is now. The neutral atoms then began to coalesce into gas clouds, which later evolved into stars. By the time the universe had expanded to one fifth its present size, the stars had formed groups recognizable as young galaxies. 

   When the universe was half its present size, nuclear reactions in stars had produced most of the heavy elements from which terrestrial planets were made. Our solar system is relatively young: it formed five billion years ago, when the universe was two thirds its present size. Over time the formation of stars has consumed the supply of gas in galaxies, and hence the population of stars is waning. Fifteen billion years from now stars like our sun will be relatively rare, making the universe a far less hospitable place for observers like us.

Our understanding of the genesis and evolution of the universe is one of the great achievements of 20th-century science. This knowledge comes from decades of innovative experiments and theories. Modern telescopes on the ground and in space detect the light from galaxies billions of light-years away, showing us what the universe looked like when it was young. Particle accelerators probe the basic physics of the high-energy environment of the early universe. Satellites detect the cosmic background radiation left over from the early stages of expansion, providing an image of the universe on the largest scales we can observe.

Our best efforts to explain this wealth of data are embodied in a theory known as the standard cosmological model or the big bang cosmology. The major claim of the theory is that in the largescale average the universe is expanding in a nearly homogeneous way from a dense early state. At present, there are no fundamental challenges to the big bang theory, although there are certainly unresolved issues within the theory itself. Astronomers are not sure, for example, how the galaxies were formed, but there is no reason to think the process did not occur within the framework of the big bang. Indeed, the predictions of the theory have survived all tests to date.

Yet the big bang model goes only so far, and many fundamental mysteries remain. What was the universe like before it was expanding? (No observation we have made allows us to look back beyond the moment at which the expansion began.) What will happen in the distant future, when the last of the stars exhaust the supply of nuclear fuel? No one knows the answers yet.

Our universe may be viewed in many lights—by mystics, theologians, philosophers or scientists. In science we adopt the plodding route: we accept only what is tested by experiment or observation. Albert Einstein gave us the now well-tested and accepted Theory of General Relativity, which establishes the relations between mass, energy, space and time. Einstein showed that a homogeneous distribution of matter in space fits nicely with his theory. He assumed without discussion that the universe is static, unchanging in the large-scale average [see “How Cosmology Became a Science,” by Stephen G. Brush; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, August 1992 

The best-supported theory of our universe's origin centers on an event known as the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.

A Belgian priest named Georges Lemaître first suggested the big bang theory in the 1920s, when he theorized that the universe began from a single primordial atom. The idea received major boosts from Edwin Hubble's observations that galaxies are speeding away from us in all directions, as well as from the 1960s discovery of cosmic microwave radiation—interpreted as echoes of the big bang—by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.

Further work has helped clarify the big bang's tempo. Here’s the theory: In the first 10^-43 seconds of its existence, the universe was very compact, less than a million billion billionth the size of a single atom. It's thought that at such an incomprehensibly dense, energetic state, the four fundamental forces—gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces—were forged into a single force, but our current theories haven't yet figured out how a single, unified force would work. To pull this off, we'd need to know how gravity works on the subatomic scale, but we currently don't. 

    By  pauranic view.... 👇👇

    Modern Science is unable to explain the process of creation as of now. The Big bang theory and Steady State theory have many loop holes and they do not appeal to everybody. Anyways, I will not discuss Modern theories of creation here. I am going to state what Vedas say about creation. Vedas are the sacred text of Hinduism, just like Bible for Christanity. Creation has many aspects, and it is not possible to talk about them in this article, so I will talk only about different phases of creation. Chapter 2.5 and 3.10 of Srimada Bhagavatam deals with the process of creation. Note that the Puranas, Upanishads are also considered as part of Vedas, besides 4 main Vedas. Before stating the theory, let me clear that English language does not have exact equivalents of the terms used in Vedic literature. So, I am using the terms and language used by other translations although the exact interpretation can be understood by reading the original text in Sanskrit, or in similar languages like Hindi. To understand them completely, please refer to Chapter 2.5 and 3.10 of Srimada Bhagavatam. From now on, I will use SB to refer Srimada Bhagavatam, and BG for Bhagavata Gita.

Here is the theory:
There are three basic material modes (qualities) of nature: mode of goodness (Sattva), mode of passion (Rajah) and mode of ignorance (Tamah). (SB 2.5.18)

There are nine phases in creation besides the one which naturally occurs due to the interaction of these three modes. In this article, we will mostly look into these nine phases. Eternal time is the primeval source of the interaction of the three modes of material nature. (SB 3.10.14, 3.10.11)

1. Of the nine creation, the first one is the creation of Mahat-tattva which is the result of incarnation of Supreme God (known as Karanarnavasayi Visnu). Then time is manifested. And in course of time, the three modes or qualities appear. Then, in the course of time, the three qualities interact resulting in further creation. (SB 2.5.22, 3.10.15). Note that time is created by Supreme God. So for him, everything (beginning, end) is occurring at the same moment.

2. Material activities are caused by Mahat-tattva's being agitated. Thus, in the 2nd phase of creation, the false-ego (Aham) is generated in which the material ingredients, material knowledge and material activities arise. (SB 2.5.23, 3.10.15)

3. The sense perceptions and elements are created in 3rd phase of creation. Here are the details:

a. From the darkness of false ego, the first of five elements, namely the sky (nabhah), is generated. Its subtle form is the quality of sound, exactly as the seer is in relationship with the seen.
b. In the course of eternal time, due to the transformation (reactions) in the sky, the air is generated with the quality of touch, and by previous succession the air is also full of sound.
c. In the course of eternal time, due to the transformations in the air, the fire is generated, taking shape with the sense of touch and sound.
d. In the course of time, due to the transformations in the fire, the water is generated, full of juice and taste. As previously, it also has form, touch and sound.
e. In the course of time, due to the transformations in the water, the earth (solid) generated with the sense of odour. Thus, the qualities of sense perceptions are fully represented in earth.

So the transformation took place in the following order: ether (or sky) -> gas (air) -> fire -> liquid -> solid. (SB 2.5.25-29, 3.10.15, BG 10.8)

4. The fourth creation is the creation of knowledge and of working capacity. (SB 3.10.16) This can be understood as the laws of nature.

5. The 5th creation is that of controlling deities by the interaction of the mode of goodness, of which mind is the sum total. (SB 3.10.17)

6. The 6th creation is the ignorant darkness of the living entity, by which master acts as a fool. (SB 3.10.17)

Thus, after the creation of Mahat-tattva, time was manifested. Then 3 qualities of nature emerged in it. Then false ego was created. Then due to mode of ignorance, matter (5 fundamental elements) was created. Then its knowledge, and different activities of material knowledge come into play. In other words, the powers that evolve matter, the knowledge of material creations, and the intelligence that guides such materialistic activities were generated. Mind was created due to mode of goodness. Sense organs were created due to mode of passion.

When all these became assembled by force of energy of Supreme God, this universe came into being. All the above are natural creations by the "maya" of the Supreme Lord. Then a demi-god (Brahma) known as creator of the universe came into existence, who has the brain like that of Supreme Lord.

7. The 7th phase of creation is that of the immovable entities, like creepers, the trees with and without flowers, pipe plants etc. They are of 6 kinds. (SB 3.10.19)

8. The 8th phase of creation is that of lower species of life, like cow, goat, ass, mule jackal, tiger, birds etc. They are not intelligent species. (SB 3.10.21-25)

9. The 9th phase of creation is the creation of human beings. In the human race, the mode of passion is very prominent. Humans are always busy in the midst of miserable life, but they think themselves happy in all respects. (SB 3.10.26)

10. The 10th creation, which naturally occurs due to the interaction of three modes are the creation of the demigods. They are of eight varieties: (1) the demigods, (2) the forefathers, (3) the asuras, or demons, (4) the Gandharvas and Apsaras, or angels, (5) the Yaksas and Raksasas, (6) the Siddhas, Caranas and Vidyadharas, (7) the Bhutas, Pretas and Pisacas, and (8) the superhuman beings, celestial singers, etc. All are created by Brahma, the creator of the universe. (SB 3.10.28-29)

Any theory of creation is incomplete without estimating the age, shape and size of universe. Vedas say that our universe is about 155.52 trillion human years old, and its total life span is 311.04 trillion human years (which is equivalent to 100 years of Brahma). In Srimada Bhagwata 5.20.38, the diameter of the universe is quoted as 500,000,000 yojanas (1 yojanas is equal to approx 9 miles, so its 4.5 trillion miles). The shape of the universe is egg shaped (brahmanda = brahma+anda). It may be interesting to observe that distance traveled by light in one day (186,000,000 * 3600 * 24 =~ 16 trillion miles) is equal to the perimeter of (vedic) universe (approximating ellipse to circle, perimeter of universe = 4,500,000,000 * 3.1416 =~ 14 trillion miles).

     Whatever....the beginning and ending of universe.. Is dependent upon 

        ॐॐॐॐॐॐॐॐ....